A Comparative Essay, The Domesticated Dog in China
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Part II of IV in our discussion.
The Relative “Re-Genesis” of Dogs in Chinese Culture
For many of us, we are aware of the use of dog meat in China, but in today's modern world, thankfully, this practice has been evolving. Historically, dogs in China served various purposes, including as a food source, especially during times of scarcity. This tradition has ancient origins, dating back to the Neolithic period when dogs were domesticated for hunting, protection, and food.
Dogs as Part of the Trade Market
Archaeological findings have discovered remains of dogs in numerous Neolithic graves, in addition to their bones having been found in dated middens. Middens are heaps of domestic waste that contain bones, excrement, and artifacts from previous settlements. Not surprising is that testing on the findings suggests that Neolithic dog bones share similarities with modern dogs. However, a 2018 study reveals that people of the Shang dynasty often relied on sacrificial puppies to accompany them into the afterlife. Many elites during this period had dogs sacrificed and buried beside them, which were assumed to be the pets of the deceased. This evidence supports the idea that dogs were domesticated for various purposes, such as hunting, protection, and food, even thousands of years ago.
In more recent history, dog meat consumption has been particularly prominent in certain regions and during difficult periods, such as famines. Historical texts often mention dogs as a source of meat. For instance, the Bencao Gangmu, an encyclopedia of medicine, natural history, and Chinese herbology, describes and categorizes dogs into watchdogs, barking dogs, and those that are considered to be edible.
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Mencius, a Chinese Confucian philosopher who lived between 372 and 289 BCE, mentioned dog meat as being a source of sustenance. More recently, during Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution, which lasted from 1966 to 1976, there was a crackdown on various aspects of traditional culture, including pet ownership. Individuals found owning dogs were often subjected to public humiliation and forced to watch as their pets were brutally beaten to death. This period aimed to purge China of Western "bourgeois" social elements and promote Maoist ideology, leading to the discouragement and even banning of pet ownership, particularly of dogs.
The ban on pet dogs during the Cultural Revolution stemmed from multiple factors. One reason was the belief that pet dogs used up valuable food resources that could be better utilized to feed humans, especially during periods of economic hardship and scarcity. Additionally, pet ownership, particularly of dogs, was seen as a symbol of Western influence, clashing with the communist ideals promoted during that era.
Following Mao's death in 1976 and the end of the Cultural Revolution, the extreme policies and practices of that period were gradually abolished. Under Deng Xiaoping's leadership, China began to transition towards a more open and reform-oriented society. This shift led to changing attitudes towards pet ownership, including dogs, and in the subsequent decades, keeping dogs as pets became increasingly common again in China. For example, in 2021, it was estimated China’s pet industry totaled nearly 250 billion yuan annually (about 36.8 billion U.S. dollars). In 2018, the average amount spent annually on food was slightly north of 2,000 yuan ($310) per dog, which is not much less than the $440 that American dog owners spend annually on each pet’s food.
A long road for our four-legged friends, dogs endured another setback between 1983 and 1993 when they were banned in China due to a severe rabies outbreak. The ban was deemed necessary as the country experienced over 50,000 fatalities within a decade, with nearly all attributed to exposure to dogs.
Despite these recent challenges faced by dogs, it's crucial to acknowledge the notable shift occurring in contemporary Chinese society regarding attitudes toward them. Dogs are increasingly regarded as valued pets and companions rather than mere livestock. In Chinese culture, dogs fulfill multifaceted roles that extend beyond the polarizing depictions often portrayed in the media. While certain regions in China have a historical tradition of consuming dog meat, it's important to understand that this practice doesn't enjoy universal acceptance across the country.
This transformation is driven by various factors. Urbanization and improving living standards have resulted in more Chinese households welcoming dogs as cherished companions. Moreover, the impact of global animal rights movements and the increasing alignment of the middle class with international cultural norms have been pivotal in reshaping attitudes towards dogs in China. Additionally, the proliferation of social media and access to information has facilitated greater awareness about animal welfare issues, contributing to the shift towards viewing dogs as members of the family rather than mere animals for consumption.
This transformation is underscored by notable legislative and social changes. For example, cities such as Shenzhen and Zhuhai have implemented prohibitions on the consumption of dog and cat meat, signaling a shift towards more humane treatment of animals. Furthermore, public sentiment is evolving rapidly. According to a 2020 survey conducted by Humane Society International, nearly 75% of Chinese respondents expressed a strong desire to see an end to the Yulin Dog Meat Festival, an event widely condemned for its cruelty towards dogs. These developments reflect a growing awareness and advocacy for animal welfare within Chinese society.
An acupuncturist treats a dog at a clinic in the northeastern city of Shenyang.
Today, the consumption of dogs remains prevalent in specific regions of China, although recent governmental actions signal a changing landscape. In 2020, new guidelines were introduced, reclassifying dogs as pets rather than livestock. Consequently, commercial slaughter and the sale of dog meat were outlawed under these regulations. However, it's worth noting that personal use slaughtering remains legal, highlighting the complexities of transitioning away from the longstanding cultural practices associated with dog consumption.
Moreover, the influence of Chinese celebrities and social media influencers is becoming increasingly pronounced in advocating for animal welfare. Their efforts not only contribute to shifting public perceptions but also encourage the adoption of pets as companions rather than commodities. Additionally, animal rights organizations within China are gaining momentum, advocating for more robust animal protection laws and championing the humane treatment of all animals. These collective actions reflect a growing societal consciousness towards animal welfare in China.
Dog Rescue in Action
In summary, the historical legacy of dog meat consumption in China underscores a complex cultural relationship. Nevertheless, contemporary trends reflect a discernible departure from this tradition. This transition is marked by multifaceted dynamics encompassing shifting societal norms, legislative interventions, and heightened advocacy for animal welfare. Such developments signify a notable cultural metamorphosis wherein dogs are increasingly perceived as valued companions rather than utilitarian commodities for consumption. This societal evolution not only reflects changing dietary preferences but also signifies a broader attitudinal shift towards acknowledging and safeguarding the intrinsic rights and dignity of animals within Chinese society.
Part I Overpopulation and Euthanasia. Curbing Homelessness
Part II A Comparative Essay, the Domesticated Dog in China.
Up Next:
Part III The Lychee and Dog Meat Festival versus changing perceptions.
Part IV Those making a difference in China.
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